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柱塞泵一般分為單柱塞泵、臥式柱塞泵、軸向柱塞泵和徑向柱塞泵。
單柱塞泵
結(jié)構(gòu)組成主要有偏心輪、柱塞、彈簧、缸體、兩個(gè)單向閥。柱塞與缸體孔之間形成密閉容積。偏心輪旋轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)，柱塞上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)一次，向下運(yùn)動(dòng)吸油，向上運(yùn)動(dòng)排油。泵每轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排出的油液體積稱為排量，排量只與泵的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)有關(guān)。
臥式柱塞泵
臥式柱塞泵是由幾個(gè)柱塞（一般為3個(gè)或6個(gè)）并列安裝，用1根曲軸通過連桿滑塊或由偏心軸直接推動(dòng)柱塞做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)吸、排液體的液壓泵。它們也都采用閥式配流裝置，而且大多為定量泵。煤礦液壓支架系統(tǒng)中的乳化液泵一般都是臥式柱塞泵。
乳化液泵用于采煤工作面，為液壓支架提供乳化液，工作原理靠曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)帶動(dòng)活塞做往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)吸液和排液。
軸向式
軸向柱塞泵（英文名：Piston pump）是活塞或柱塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與缸體中心軸平行的柱塞泵。軸向柱塞泵利用與傳動(dòng)軸平行的柱塞在柱塞孔內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的容積變化來進(jìn)行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圓形零件，加工時(shí)可以達(dá)到很高的精度配合，因此容積效率高
直軸斜盤式
直軸斜盤式柱塞泵分為壓力供油型和自吸油型兩種。壓力供油型液壓泵大都是采用有氣壓的油箱，靠氣壓供油的液壓油箱，在每次啟動(dòng)機(jī)器之后，必須等液壓漬箱達(dá)到使用氣壓后，才能操作機(jī)械。如液壓油箱的氣壓不足時(shí)就啟動(dòng)機(jī)器，會(huì)對(duì)液壓泵內(nèi)的與滑靴造成拉脫現(xiàn)象，出會(huì)造成泵體內(nèi)回程板與壓板的非正常磨損。
徑向式
徑向柱塞泵可分為閥配流與軸配流兩大類。閥配流徑向柱塞泵存在故障率高、效率
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高壓柱塞泵在往常運(yùn)用的壽數(shù)長(zhǎng)短在必定程度上是和往常的維護(hù)保護(hù)有必定的關(guān)系的，液壓油的數(shù)
量和質(zhì)量以及油液清潔度等有關(guān)，高壓柱塞泵在使用時(shí)需求防止油液中顆粒對(duì)柱塞泵沖突副構(gòu)成磨損
等，也是延伸高壓油泵壽數(shù)的有用途徑。
高壓柱塞泵在修補(bǔ)中替換零件應(yīng)該盡量運(yùn)用原廠出產(chǎn)的零件，這些零件有時(shí)比其它復(fù)制的零件報(bào)價(jià)
要貴，但質(zhì)量及穩(wěn)定性要好，假定收買報(bào)價(jià)廉價(jià)的復(fù)制零件，短期內(nèi)似乎是節(jié)省了費(fèi)用，但由此處帶來
了危險(xiǎn)，也可能對(duì)高壓油泵的運(yùn)用構(gòu)成更大的損害。
選用補(bǔ)油泵供油的高壓油泵，運(yùn)用3000h后，操作人員每日需對(duì)高壓油泵檢查1-2次，檢查液壓泵工
作動(dòng)態(tài)是不是正常。如發(fā)現(xiàn)液壓缸速度下降或悶車時(shí),就應(yīng)該對(duì)補(bǔ)油泵潰散檢查,檢查葉輪邊際是不是
有刮傷現(xiàn)象，內(nèi)齒輪泵空位是不是過大。
對(duì)于自吸油型柱塞泵，液壓油箱內(nèi)的油液不得低于油標(biāo)下限，要堅(jiān)持滿意數(shù)量的液壓油。液壓油的
清潔度越高，液壓泵的運(yùn)用壽數(shù)越長(zhǎng)。
高壓柱塞泵的性能和型式需求有用的契合其裝置流量、溫度、汽蝕流量、揚(yáng)程、壓力、吸程等工藝
參數(shù)的要求，軸封牢靠或接收無走漏泵,對(duì)運(yùn)送易燃、易爆有毒或名貴介質(zhì)的柱塞泵。如磁力驅(qū)動(dòng)泵、
隔膜泵、屏蔽泵。
